Break IC, Recover MCU, Microcontroller Reverse Engineering

Recover Microcontroller MC68HC908JB16 Firmware from flash memory include the program and data, the heximal file can be copied to new MCU MC68HC908JB16;

Features of the Microcontroller MC68HC908JB16 include the following:

High-performance M68HC08 architecture

Fully upward-compatible object code with M6805, M146805, and

M68HC05 families

Low-power design; fully static with stop and wait modes

6-MHz internal bus frequency

16,384 bytes of on-chip FLASH memory with security1 feature

384 bytes of on-chip random access memory (RAM)

Up to 21 general-purpose input/output (I/O) pins, including:

– 15 shared-function I/O pins

– 8-bit keyboard interrupt port

– 10mA high current drive for PS/2 connection on 2 pins (with USB module disabled)

– 1 dedicated I/O pin, with 25mA direct drive for infrared LED (32-pin package) if recover Microcontroller STM32F107RCT6 code

– 6 dedicated I/O pins, with 25mA direct drive for infrared LED on 2 pins and 10mA direct drive for normal LED on 4 pins (28-pin package)

Two 16-bit, 2-channel timer interface modules (TIM1 and TIM2) with selectable input capture, output compare, PWM capability on each channel, and external clock input option (TCLK)

Universal Serial Bus specification 2.0 low-speed functions:

 

– 1.5Mbps data rate

– On-chip 3.3V regulator

– Endpoint 0 with 8-byte transmit buffer and 8-byte receive buffer

– Endpoint 1 with 8-byte transmit buffer

– Endpoint 2 with 8-byte transmit buffer and 8-byte receive buffer

Serial communications interface module (SCI)

Dual clock generator modules (CGM) (32-pin package)

In-circuit programming capability using USB communication or standard serial link on PTA0 pin

System protection features:

– Optional computer operating properly (COP) reset

– Optional Low-voltage detection with reset

– Illegal opcode detection with reset

– Illegal address detection with reset

Master reset pin with internal pull-up and power-on reset

IRQ interrupt pin with internal pull-up and schmitt-trigger input

32-pin low-profile quad flat pack (LQFP) and 28-pin small outline

integrated circuit package (SOIC)

Features of the CPU08 include the following:

Enhanced HC05 programming model

Extensive loop control functions

16 addressing modes (eight more than the HC05)

16-bit index register and stack pointer

Memory-to-memory data transfers

Fast 8 × 8 multiply instruction

Fast 16/8 divide instruction

Binary-coded decimal (BCD) instructions

Optimization for controller applications

Third party C language support

When working with embedded systems, one of the most challenging tasks can be extracting or recovering chip PIC16F913 binary data. This microcontroller, produced by Microchip Technology, is commonly found in remote controls, industrial equipment, and sensor-based systems. Unlike many older or simpler microcontrollers, the PIC16F913 features advanced security mechanisms, making its firmware difficult to access or duplicate without specialized skills and tools.

At CIRCUIT ENGINEERING CO.,LTD we offer professional services to read out, restore, and recover PIC16F913 binaries, whether for software migration, security auditing, or backup purposes. Our process allows clients to unlock, decode, and decrypt protected memory, giving full access to the firmware, EEPROM, or flash data stored inside the microcontroller.

What Makes PIC16F913 Unique?
Compared to simpler chips like the PIC16C554 or PIC12CE519, the PIC16F913 includes:

Extended instruction set (Mid-Range architecture) with more advanced features.

Integrated LCD driver module, making it more common in display-based applications.

More robust memory protection, including locked and encrypted flash/eeprom blocks, making unauthorized binary readouts or program duplication more difficult.

On-board comparators, analog modules, and enhanced I/O, increasing complexity of its firmware structure.

This chip’s secured and embedded firmware is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication or tampering. However, with the right techniques, even protected programs and data archives can be successfully recovered.

Recover Chip PIC16F913 Binary is a process of dumping heximal from MCU’s PIC16F913 flash memory, the status of Microcontroller PIC16F913 can be changed from locked to open by MCU Cracking technique;

High-Performance RISC CPU:

· Only 35 instructions to learn:

– All single-cycle instructions except branches

· Operating speed:

– DC – 20 MHz oscillator/clock input

– DC – 200 ns instruction cycle

· Program Memory Read (PMR) capability

· Interrupt capability

· 8-level deep hardware stack

· Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes

Special Microcontroller Features:

· Precision Internal Oscillator:

– Factory calibrated to ±1%, typical

– Software selectable frequency range of

8 MHz to 125 kHz

– Software tunable

– Two-Speed Start-up mode

– External Oscillator fail detect for critical applications

– Clock mode switching during operation for power savings

· Software selectable 31 kHz internal oscillator

· Power-Saving Sleep mode

· Wide operating voltage range (2.0V-5.5V)

· Industrial and Extended temperature range

· Power-on Reset (POR)

· Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up

Timer (OST)

· Brown-out Reset (BOR) with software control option

· Enhanced Low-Current Watchdog Timer (WDT) with on-chip oscillator (software selectable nominal 268 seconds with full prescaler) with software enable

· Multiplexed Master Clear with pull-up/input pin

· Programmable code protection

· High-Endurance Flash/EEPROM cell:

– 100,000 write Flash endurance

– 1,000,000 write EEPROM endurance

– Flash/Data EEPROM retention: > 40 years

Low-Power Features:

· Standby Current:

– <100 nA @ 2.0V, typical

· Operating Current:

– 11 ìA @ 32 kHz, 2.0V, typical

– 220 ìA @ 4 MHz, 2.0V, typical

· Watchdog Timer Current:

– 1 ìA @ 2.0V, typical

Peripheral Features:

· Liquid Crystal Display module:

– Up to 60/96/168 pixel drive capability on 28/40/64-pin devices, respectively

– Four commons

· Up to 24/35/53 I/O pins and 1 input-only pin:

– High-current source/sink for direct LED drive

– Interrupt-on-change pin

– Individually programmable weak pull-ups

· In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins

· Analog comparator module with:

– Two analog comparators

– Programmable on-chip voltage reference (CVREF) module (% of VDD)

– Comparator inputs and outputs externally accessible

· A/D Converter:

– 10-bit resolution and up to 8 channels

· Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit

programmable prescaler

· Enhanced Timer1:

– 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler

– External Timer1 Gate (count enable)

– Option to use OSC1 and OSC2 as Timer1 oscillator if INTOSCIO or LP mode is selected

· Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

· Addressable Universal Synchronous

Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (AUSART)

· Up to 2 Capture, Compare, PWM modules:

– 16-bit Capture, max. resolution 12.5 ns

– 16-bit Compare, max. resolution 200 ns

– 10-bit PWM, max. frequency 20 kHz

· Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with I2C™

In the world of embedded systems, accessing and duplicating secured microcontrollers is often essential for product maintenance, migration, and system upgrades. One such frequently used microcontroller is the AT89S8252, an 8051-based device from Atmel (now Microchip), known for its built-in flash memory, EEPROM, and high-performance architecture. At [Your Company Name], we offer specialized services to copy chip AT89S8252 flash, helping clients unlock, readout, and replicate protected firmware from embedded systems.

When a microcontroller like the AT89S8252 is deployed in commercial or industrial systems, its firmware is often encrypted, locked, or secured with protective memory configurations to prevent unauthorized access. While this protection enhances security, it can also be an obstacle when legitimate recovery, duplication, or system analysis is required. Our service is designed to crack, decode, and open locked flash archives for clients who need to access their own systems or legally replicate legacy hardware and firmware.

Unlocking the Value of Legacy Embedded Systems

Many companies rely on legacy hardware platforms with embedded microcontrollers like the AT89S8252. However, over time, documentation, source code, or development tools may become unavailable. In such cases, our ability to restore and replicate embedded flash and EEPROM memory becomes invaluable. We help our clients copy and duplicate the flash contents of secured chips, enabling them to maintain production, repair critical systems, or migrate to new hardware platforms without rewriting entire firmware packages from scratch.

Our solutions ensure the safe readout and backup of binary or heximal program files, preserving the full operational behavior of the original embedded device. Whether you’re looking to replicate locked program data, decrypt encrypted firmware archives, or simply clone the contents of a protective chip, we have the tools and experience to deliver accurate and reliable results.

Comprehensive Firmware Recovery and Cloning Services

We serve a wide range of industries that rely on the integrity of firmware and memory data in their embedded controllers. Our services are often used to break open locked flash memory, decrypt proprietary binary code, or duplicate secured program files for product recovery and system continuity. These solutions are especially critical when dealing with protected embedded files that cannot be easily recompiled or replaced due to the absence of source code or original development teams.

By offering advanced techniques to unlock and replicate flash and EEPROM memory archives, we provide our clients with peace of mind—knowing their embedded systems can be supported long after the original manufacturer has moved on.

Copy Chip AT89S8252 Flash content has to decapsulate the silicon package of AT89S8252 which act as the 1st layer of tamper resistent protection, unlock Microcontroller AT89S8252 also needs to modify its security fuse bit;

Features

· Compatible with MCS®51 Products

· 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Downloadable Flash Memory

– SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading

– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

2K Bytes EEPROM

– Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

4V to 6V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

 

Three-level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Nine Interrupt Sources

Programmable UART Serial Channel

SPI Serial Interface

Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down

Programmable Watchdog Timer

Dual Data Pointer

Power-off Flag

Description

The AT89S8252 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of downloadable Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.

The on-chip downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S8252 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S8252 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.

In addition, the Copy Chip AT89S8252 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.

The downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from unless lock bits have been activated.

The PIC16F684 microcontroller from Microchip is a popular choice for compact, low-power embedded applications. It is frequently found in consumer electronics, industrial controls, automotive systems, and security devices. Its cost-efficiency, reliability, and rich feature set make it ideal for a range of embedded projects. However, when developers or engineers need to copy microcontroller PIC16F684 firmware, they often face challenges due to protective mechanisms such as code locking, encryption, and memory protection fuses.

At Circuit Engineering Co.,LTD, we provide specialized services to restore, unlock, and duplicate firmware from protected microcontrollers like the PIC16F684. Whether for legacy system recovery, competitive analysis, or functional migration, we assist clients in decoding, reading out, and replicating embedded firmware safely and securely.

Understanding the Importance of Firmware Duplication
In many real-world scenarios, access to the original firmware binary or heximal file is lost or was never made available. This creates major difficulties for maintenance, upgrading, or cloning a system. Clients come to us when they need to copy microcontroller PIC16F684 firmware to:

Copy Microcontroller PIC16F684 Firmware needs to unlock Microprocessor PIC16F684 security fuse bit, the silicon package can be removed by proper chemical solution, by focus ion beam will effectively modify the circuitry pattern of MCU PIC16F684;

 

High-Performance RISC CPU:

· Only 35 instructions to learn:

– All single-cycle instructions except branches

· Operating speed:

– DC – 20 MHz oscillator/clock input

– DC – 200 ns instruction cycle

· Interrupt capability

· 8-level deep hardware stack

 

Low-Power Features:

· Standby Current:

– 1 nA @ 2.0V, typical

· Operating Current:

– 8.5 µA @ 32 kHz, 2.0V, typical

– 100 µA @ 1 MHz, 2.0V, typical

· Watchdog Timer Current:

– 1 µA @ 2.0V, typical

· Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes

Peripheral Features:

Special Microcontroller Features:

· Precision Internal Oscillator:

– Factory calibrated to ±1%

– Software selectable frequency range of 8 MHz to 31 kHz

– Software tunable

– Two-speed Start-up mode

– Crystal fail detect for critical applications

– Clock mode switching during operation for power savings

· Power-saving Sleep mode

· Wide operating voltage range (2.0V-5.5V)

· Industrial and Extended Temperature range

· Power-on Reset (POR)

· Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

· Brown-out Detect (BOD) with software control option

· Enhanced low-current Watchdog Timer (WDT) with on-chip oscillator (software selectable nominal 268 seconds with full prescaler) with software enable;

· Multiplexed Master Clear with pull-up/input pin

· Programmable code protection

· High Endurance Flash/EEPROM cell:

– 100,000 write Flash endurance

– 1,000,000 write EEPROM endurance

– Flash/Data EEPROM retention: > 40 years

· 12 I/O pins with individual direction control:

– High current source/sink for direct LED drive

– Interrupt-on-pin change

– Individually programmable weak pull-ups

– Ultra Low-power Wake-up (ULPWU)

· Analog comparator module with:

– Two analog comparators

– Programmable on-chip voltage reference (CVREF) module (% of VDD)

– Comparator inputs and outputs externally accessible

· A/D Converter:

– 10-bit resolution and 8 channels

· Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler· Enhanced Timer1:

– 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler

– External Gate Input mode

– Option to use OSC1 and OSC2 in LP mode as Timer1 oscillator if INTOSC mode selected

· Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

· Enhanced Capture, Compare, PWM module:

– 16-bit Capture, max resolution 12.5 ns

– Compare, max resolution 200 ns

– 10-bit PWM with 1, 2 or 4 output channels, programmable “dead time”, max frequency 20 kHz

· In-Circuit Serial ProgrammingTM (ICSPTM) via two pins.

Copy MCU PIC32MX440F512H Binary and rewrite the firmware from master Microcontroller PIC32MX440F512H to blank new Microprocessor, decapsulate the MCU PIC32MX440F512H and get access to the databus is the first step of MCU cracking;

High-Performance 32-bit RISC CPU:

· MIPS32® M4K® 32-bit core with 5-stage pipeline

· 80 MHz maximum frequency

· 1.56 DMIPS/MHz (Dhrystone 2.1) performance at 0 wait state Flash access

· Single-cycle multiply and high-performance divide unit

· MIPS16e® mode for up to 40% smaller code size

· Two sets of 32 core register files (32-bit) to reduce interrupt latency

· Prefetch Cache module to speed execution

· Operating temperature range of -40ºC to +105ºC

· Operating voltage range of 2.3V to 3.6V

· 32K to 512K Flash memory (plus an additional 12 KB of boot Flash)

· 8K to 32K SRAM memory

· Pin-compatible with most PIC24/dsPIC® DSC devices

· Multiple power management modes

· Multiple interrupt vectors with individually programmable priority

· Fail-Safe Clock Monitor Mode

· Configurable Watchdog Timer with on-chip Low-Power RC Oscillator for reliable operation

 

Peripheral Features:

· Atomic SET, CLEAR and INVERT operation on select peripheral registers

· Up to 4-channel hardware DMA with automatic data size detection

· USB 2.0-compliant full-speed device and On-The-Go (OTG) controller

· USB has a dedicated DMA channel

· 3 MHz to 25 MHz crystal oscillator

· Internal 8 MHz and 32 kHz oscillators

· Separate PLLs for CPU and USB clocks

· Two I2C™ modules

· Two UART modules with:

– RS-232, RS-485 and LIN support

– IrDA® with on-chip hardware encoder and decoder

· Up to two SPI modules

· Parallel Master and Slave Port (PMP/PSP) with 8-bit and 16-bit data and up to 16 address lines

· Hardware Real-Time Clock and Calendar (RTCC)

· Five 16-bit Timers/Counters (two 16-bit pairs combine to create two 32-bit timers)

· Five capture inputs

· Five compare/PWM outputs

· Five external interrupt pins

· High-Speed I/O pins capable of toggling at up to 80 MHz

· High-current sink/source (18 mA/18 mA) on all I/O pins

· Configurable open-drain output on digital I/O pins

Debug Features:

· Two programming and debugging Interfaces:

– 2-wire interface with unintrusive access and real-time data exchange with application

– 4-wire MIPS® standard enhanced JTAG interface

· Unintrusive hardware-based instruction trace

· IEEE Standard 1149.2-compatible (JTAG) boundary scan

 

Analog Features:

· Up to 16-channel 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter:

– 1000 ksps conversion rate

– Conversion available during Sleep, Idle

· Two Analog Comparators

The STM32F107RCT6 is a high-performance ARM Cortex-M3 based microcontroller by STMicroelectronics, widely used in industrial, automotive, and embedded systems due to its integrated Ethernet MAC, USB OTG, CAN, and rich peripheral features. However, many applications implement protective measures to prevent firmware extraction, making it extremely difficult to readout, copy, or clone the original program. At [Your Company Name], we offer professional services to recover IC STM32F107RCT6 code, helping clients unlock, decrypt, and replicate protected firmware, even from locked or secured memory blocks.

Why Recover STM32F107RCT6 Firmware?

There are many valid reasons to recover embedded firmware from STM32 microcontrollers:

• Legacy Support: Recovering firmware, binary, or heximal files from legacy systems where source code is lost.

• System Migration: Transferring a protected program to a newer hardware platform.

• Security Research: Analyzing secured firmware archives for vulnerabilities.

• Product Cloning & Duplication: Replicating locked source code for batch production or testing.

Recover IC STM32F107RCT6 code from MCU STM32F107RCT6 program memory, use MCU cracking technique to remove the security fuse by focus ion beam;

Core: ARM 32-bit Cortex™-M3 CPU

– 72 MHz maximum frequency, 1.25 DMIPS/MHz (Dhrystone 2.1) performance at 0 wait state memory

LQFP100 14 × 14 mm

LQFP64 10 × 10 mm

LFBGA100 10 × 10 mm

– Single-cycle multiplication and hardware division

Memories

– 64 to 256 Kbytes of Flash memory

– 64 Kbytes of general-purpose SRAM Clock, reset and supply management

– 2.0 to 3.6 V application supply and I/Os

– POR, PDR, and programmable voltage detector (PVD)

– 3-to-25 MHz crystal oscillator

– Internal 8 MHz factory-trimmed RC

– Internal 40 kHz RC with calibration

– 32 kHz oscillator for RTC with calibration

Low power

– Sleep, Stop and Standby modes

– VBAT supply for RTC and backup registers 2 × 12-bit, 1 µs A/D converters (16 channels)

– Conversion range: 0 to 3.6 V

– Sample and hold capability

– Temperature sensor

– up to 2 MSPS in interleaved mode 2 × 12-bit D/A converters DMA: 12-channel DMA controller

– Supported peripherals: timers, ADCs, DAC, I2Ss, SPIs, I2Cs and USARTs

Up to 10 timers with pinout remap capability

– Up to four 16-bit timers, each with up to 4 IC/OC/PWM or pulse counter and quadrature (incremental) encoder input

– 1 × 16-bit motor control PWM timer with dead-time generation and emergency stop

– 2 × watchdog timers (Independent and Window)

– SysTick timer: a 24-bit downcounter

– 2 × 16-bit basic timers to drive the DAC Up to 14 communication interfaces with pinout remap capability

– Up to 2 × I2C interfaces (SMBus/PMBus)

– Up to 5 USARTs (ISO 7816 interface, LIN, IrDA capability, modem control)

– Up to 3 SPIs (18 Mbit/s), 2 with a multiplexed I2S interface that offers audio class accuracy via advanced PLL schemes

– 2 × CAN interfaces (2.0B Active) with 512 bytes of dedicated SRAM

– USB 2.0 full-speed device/host/OTG controller with on-chip PHY that supports

HNP/SRP/ID with 1.25 Kbytes of dedicated SRAM

– 10/100 Ethernet MAC with dedicated DMA and SRAM (4 Kbytes): IEEE1588 hardware support, MII/RMII available on all packages

– Cortex-M3 Embedded Trace Macrocell™ Up to 80 fast I/O ports

– 51/80 I/Os, all mappable on 16 external interrupt vectors and almost all 5 V-tolerant CRC calculation unit, 96-bit unique ID

In the fast-moving world of embedded systems, accessing and analyzing firmware stored within microcontrollers is often essential for maintenance, debugging, legacy system recovery, or competitive analysis. One of the most frequently encountered chips in various industrial and consumer applications is the ATmega8L, a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. Many times, developers, engineers, or researchers need to copy IC ATmega8L heximal content to clone, replicate, or restore a program, especially when original source code is unavailable or the chip is protected by security fuses.

At [Your Company Name], we specialize in helping clients break, read out, and decode secured ATmega8L memory, offering reliable solutions to duplicate or unlock protected firmware for legal and technical purposes.

Copy IC Atmega8L Heximal from MCU ATmega8L flash memory, crack MCU ATmega8L protective system and disable its security fuse bit, the status of Microcontroller ATmega8L will be modified from locked to unlocked one;

High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

· Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

 

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 8K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 512 Bytes EEPROM

– 1K Byte Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM (1)(3)

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C (2)(3)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

 

Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Three PWM Channels

– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package

Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby I/O and Packages

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines

– 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF Operating Voltages

– 2.7 – 5.5V (ATmega8L)

– 4.5 – 5.5V (ATmega8) Speed Grades

– 0 – 8 MHz (ATmega8L)

– 0 – 16 MHz (ATmega8)

Power Consumption at 4 Mhz, 3V, 25°C

– Active: 3.6 mA

– Idle Mode: 1.0 mA

– Power-down Mode: 0.5 µA

The dsPIC33FJ256GP506A is a high-performance digital signal controller from Microchip, widely used in industrial, automotive, and embedded systems. However, its security mechanisms can be compromised through advanced techniques such as firmware dumping, reverse engineering, and decryption. This article explores methods to crack, decode, and clone the program stored in its flash memory and EEPROM.

1. Dumping Firmware from Flash Memory
The primary step in attacking the dsPIC33FJ256GP506A is extracting the binary code from its internal flash memory. Attackers often use hardware tools like a programmer/debugger (PICKit, ICD, or J-Tag) to dump the firmware. If read protection is enabled, more invasive methods like decapsulating the chip and using microprobing or laser fault injection may be required.

Once extracted, the heximal data can be analyzed using disassemblers (IDA Pro, Ghidra) to reverse engineer the source code.

2. Breaking EEPROM Memory Protection
Many devices store critical data (encryption keys, calibration values) in EEPROM memory. Attackers can dump EEPROM contents using I2C/SPI sniffers or direct memory reading via debug interfaces. If the data is encrypted, brute-force attacks or side-channel analysis may help decrypt it.

3. Decoding and Reverse Engineering the Program File
After obtaining the binary dump, the next step is decoding the program file. Tools like Binary Ninja or Radare2 assist in converting machine code into readable assembly. Skilled attackers can reconstruct the original logic, modify functionalities, or clone the firmware for unauthorized replication.

4. Restoring Modified Firmware
Once reverse-engineered, attackers may modify the firmware to bypass security checks or introduce malicious code. The altered binary code can be re-flashed into a new chip, effectively cloning the original device.

5. Security Countermeasures
To prevent such attacks, developers should:

Enable code protection (CPS, WDT)

Use secure bootloaders with encryption (AES, RSA)

Implement tamper detection mechanisms

Obfuscate critical source code

Conclusion
The dsPIC33FJ256GP506A is vulnerable to firmware extraction, reverse engineering, and cloning if proper security measures are not applied. By understanding attack methods like memory dumping, decryption, and binary analysis, developers can better protect their designs from unauthorized recovery and copying.

For secure applications, always use hardware security modules (HSM) and encrypted firmware updates to mitigate risks.

Attack Chip dsPIC33FJ256GP506A and compromise Microcontroller dsPIC33FJ256GP506 tamper resistance system, readout MCU software from dsPIC33FJ256 flash and eeprom memory;

Operating Conditions

· 3.0V to 3.6V, -40ºC to +150ºC, DC to 20 MIPS

· 3.0V to 3.6V, -40ºC to +125ºC, DC to 40 MIPS

Core: 16-bit dsPIC33F CPU

Timers/Output Compare/Input Capture

· Up to nine 16-bit timers/counters. Can pair up to make four 32-bit timers;

· Eight Output Compare modules configurable as timers/counters;

 

Code-efficient (C and Assembly) architecture

Two 40-bit wide accumulators

Single-cycle (MAC/MPY) with dual data fetch

Single-cycle mixed-sign MUL plus hardware divide

· Eight Input Capture modules

Communication Interfaces

· Two UART modules (10 Mbps)

– With support for LIN 2.0 protocols and IrDA®

· Two 4-wire SPI modules (15 Mbps)

Clock Management

· Up to two I2C™ modules (up to 1 Mbaud) with ±2% internal oscillator

Programmable PLLs and oscillator clock sources

Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM)

Independent Watchdog Timer (WDT)

Fast wake-up and start-up

 

SMBus support

· Up to two Enhanced CAN (ECAN) modules (1 Mbaud) with 2.0B support

· Data Converter Interface (DCI) module with I2S codec support

 

Power Management

· Low-power management modes (Sleep, Idle, Doze)

· Integrated Power-on Reset and Brown-out Reset

· 2.1 mA/MHz dynamic current (typical)

· 50 μA IPD current (typical)

Advanced Analog Features

· Two ADC modules:

– Configurable as 10-bit, 1.1 Msps with four S&H or 12-bit, 500 ksps with one S&H

– 18 analog inputs on 64-pin devices and up to 32 analog inputs on 100-pin devices

· Flexible and independent ADC trigger sources

 

Input/Output

· Sink/Source up to 10 mA (pin specific) for standard VOH/VOL, up to 16 mA (pin specific) for non-standard VOH1

· 5V-tolerant pins

· Selectable open drain, pull-ups, and pull-downs

· Up to 5 mA overvoltage clamp current

· External interrupts on all I/O pins

Qualification and Class B Support

· AEC-Q100 REVG (Grade 1 -40ºC to +125ºC)

· AEC-Q100 REVG (Grade 0 -40ºC to +150ºC)

· Class B Safety Library, IEC 60730

Debugger Development Support

Packages

In-circuit and in-application programming

Two program and two complex data breakpoints

IEEE 1149.2-compatible (JTAG) boundary scan

Trace and run-time watch

The ST62T15C6 is an 8-bit microcontroller from STMicroelectronics, commonly used in embedded systems. Security researchers and hardware hackers often attempt to attack, crack, or reverse engineer its firmware for analysis, recovery, or cloning purposes. This article explores various techniques used to extract, decode, or dump the firmware from the ST62T15C6 microcontroller.

1. Firmware Extraction Methods

Dumping Flash Memory

The primary method to attack the ST62T15C6 involves dumping the contents of its flash memory or EEPROM memory. Since the firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, attackers use hardware tools like:

• Programmers/JTAG interfaces – If debug ports are accessible, firmware can be read directly.
• Logic analyzers & bus sniffers – Monitoring communication between the MCU and external memory (if any).
• Voltage glitching – Disrupting power or clock signals to bypass read protections.

Decapsulation & Microprobing

If security fuses are enabled, attackers may resort to decapsulating the chip to access the silicon die. Using microprobing, they can directly read the binary code from the memory cells. This method is expensive and requires advanced equipment.

2. Reverse Engineering the Firmware

Once the heximal data or binary code is extracted, the next step is decoding or disassembling it. Common techniques include:

• Static analysis – Using disassemblers like Ghidra or IDA Pro to convert machine code into assembly.
• Dynamic analysis – Running the firmware in an emulator (e.g., QEMU) to observe behavior.
• Pattern recognition – Searching for known opcode sequences to identify functions.

Since the ST62T15C6 uses a proprietary architecture, custom tools may be needed to decrypt the program file fully.

3. Cloning & Firmware Modification

After successful extraction, attackers may:

• Copy the firmware to another ST62T15C6 chip.
• Modify the source code (if decompiled) to remove security checks.
• Restore corrupted firmware for device recovery.

4. Protection & Countermeasures

To prevent such attacks, manufacturers implement:

• Read-out protection bits – Locking firmware access.
• Encrypted firmware updates – Preventing easy decoding.
• Secure boot mechanisms – Blocking unauthorized code execution.

Conclusion

Attacking the ST62T15C6 microcontroller firmware requires a mix of hardware and software techniques, from dumping flash memory to reverse engineering binary code. While these methods can be used for legitimate recovery or research, they also pose security risks if exploited maliciously. Developers must implement strong protections to safeguard their firmware from unauthorized cloning or decryption.

Attack Microcontroller ST62T15C6 protective system and extract firmware from MCU ST62T15 memory, the whole tamper resistance system will be disable by Microprocessor unlocking technique;

Memories

– 2K or 4K bytes Program memory (OTP, EPROM, FASTROM or ROM) with read-out protection

– 64 bytes RAM

 

Clock, Reset and Supply Management

– Enhanced reset system

– Low Voltage Detector (LVD) for Safe Reset

– Clock sources: crystal/ceramic resonator or RC network, external clock, backup oscillator (LFAO)

– Oscillator Safeguard (OSG)

– 2 Power Saving Modes: Wait and Stop

Interrupt Management

– 4 interrupt vectors plus NMI and RESET

– 20 external interrupt lines (on 2 vectors)

– 1 external non-interrupt line

– 20 multifunctional bidirectional I/O lines

– 16 alternate function lines

– 4 high sink outputs (20mA)

– Configurable watchdog timer

– 8-bit timer/counter with a 7-bit prescaler

 

Analog Peripheral

– 8-bit ADC with 16 input channels

Instruction Set

– 8-bit data manipulation

– 40 basic instructions

– 9 addressing modes

– Bit manipulation

The ST6215C, 25C devices are low cost members mable option bytes of the OTP/EPROM versions of the ST62xx 8-bit  family of microcontrol-in the ROM option list applications. All ST62xx devices are based on a building block approach: a common core is surrounded by a number of on-chip peripherals for the purpose of IC program hacking.

Circuit Engineering Company Limited continues to be recognized as the Southern China Leader in Services for IC Break, MCU attack, Chip Recover, Microcontroller Copy service. With the advancement of today’s modern circuit board technology, it is more important than ever to have specialists available to help you at a moment’s notice. Our engineering and commercial teams collectively have a vast amount of electronic experience covering field include Consumer Electronics, Industrial Automation Electronics, Wireless Communication Electronics., etc. For more information please contact us through email.

Attack MCU MSP430G2452IPW14R Hexadecimal: Firmware Extraction and Reverse Engineering

The MSP430G2452IPW14R is a low-power microcontroller from Texas Instruments, widely used in embedded systems. However, its flash memory and EEPROM memory can be targeted for firmware extraction, reverse engineering, or cloning. This article explores methods to crack, decode, and dump the hexadecimal data from this MCU.

Dumping Firmware from Flash Memory
To extract the program file from the MSP430G2452IPW14R, attackers often use JTAG or SBW (Spy-Bi-Wire) interfaces. By connecting a programmer like the MSP-FET or a universal flash tool, the binary code can be read out and saved as a hex file. Some advanced techniques involve power glitching or timing attacks to bypass security fuses.

Decrypting and Reverse Engineering
Once the heximal data is dumped, the next step is decoding the firmware. Since the MSP430 uses a 16-bit RISC architecture, disassemblers like IDA Pro or Ghidra can help reverse engineer the source code. If the firmware is encrypted, brute-force attacks or side-channel analysis may be required to crack the protection.

Cloning and Firmware Restoration
After successful decryption, the binary archive can be copied to another MSP430 chip, enabling cloning of the original device. Some attackers decapsulate the MCU to perform microprobing on the flash memory for direct data extraction.

Security Countermeasures
To prevent such attacks, developers should:

Enable read-out protection bits

Use encrypted firmware updates

Implement secure bootloaders

Despite these measures, skilled attackers can still break the security using advanced reverse engineering techniques. Therefore, protecting sensitive hexadecimal firmware remains a critical challenge in embedded security.

By understanding these attack vectors, engineers can better defend against firmware theft and unauthorized cloning of the MSP430G2452IPW14R.

Attack MCU MSP430G2452IPW14R flash memory and extract heximal from Microcontroller MSP430G2452, the status of Microprocessor will be reset from locked to open one after get access to the databus;

FEATURES

Low Supply Voltage Range: 1.8 V to 3.6 V

Ultra-Low Power Consumption

– Active Mode: 220 µA at 1 MHz, 2.2 V

– Standby Mode: 0.5 µA

– Off Mode (RAM Retention): 0.1 µA

Five Power-Saving Modes

Ultra-Fast Wake-Up From Standby Mode in Less Than 1 µs

16-Bit RISC Architecture, 62.5-ns Instruction Cycle Time Basic Clock Module Configurations

– Internal Frequencies up to 16 MHz With

Four Calibrated Frequencies

– Internal Very-Low-Power Low-Frequency (LF) Oscillator

– 32-kHz Crystal

– External Digital Clock Source

One 16-Bit Timer_A With Three Capture/Compare Registers

Up to 16 Touch-Sense Enabled I/O Pins

Universal Serial Interface (USI) Supporting SPI and I2C

10-Bit 200-ksps Analog-to-Digital (A/D)

Converter With Internal Reference, Sample-and-Hold, and Autoscan (MSP430G2x52 Only)

On-Chip Comparator for Analog

Brownout Detector Serial Onboard Programming,

No External Programming Voltage Needed,

Programmable Code Protection by Security Fuse

On-Chip Emulation Logic With Spy-Bi-Wire Interface

Family Members are Summarized in Table 1 Package Options

– TSSOP: 14 Pin, 20 Pin

– PDIP: 20 Pin

– QFN: 16 Pin

For Complete Module Descriptions, See the MSP430x2xx Family User’s Guide (SLAU144)