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Memory Endurance: The Enhanced Flash cells for both program memory and data EEPROM are rated to last for many thousands of erase/write cycles – up to 100,000 for program memory and 1,000,000 for EEPROM which has provide a preferential terms for Copy Microcontroller PIC18F4220 Binary. Data retention without refresh is conservatively estimated to be greater than 40 years.

· Self-programmability: These devices can write to their own program memory spaces under internal software control. By using a bootloader routine located in the protected Boot Block at the top of program memory, it becomes possible to create an application that can update itself in the field.

· Enhanced CCP Module: In PWM mode, this module provides 1, 2 or 4 modulated outputs for controlling half-bridge and full-bridge drivers. Other features include Auto-Shutdown for disabling PWM outputs on interrupt or other select conditions and Auto-Restart to reactivate outputs once the condition has cleared.

Addressable USART: This serial communication module is capable of standard RS-232 operation using the internal oscillator block, removing the need for an external crystal (and its accompanying power requirement) in applications that talk to the outside world.

· 10-bit A/D Converter: This module incorporates programmable acquisition time, allowing for a channel to be selected and a conversion to be initiated without waiting for a sampling period and thus, reduce code overhead.

· Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): This enhanced version incorporates a 16-bit prescaler, allowing a time-out range from 4 ms to over 2 minutes, that is stable across operating voltage and temperature.

The EC and ECIO Oscillator modes require an external clock source to be connected to the OSC1 pin. There is no oscillator start-up time required after a Power-on Reset or after an exit from Sleep mode after Copy Microcontroller PIC18F4220 Binary.

In the EC Oscillator mode, the oscillator frequency divided by 4 is available on the OSC2 pin. This signal may be used for test purposes or to synchronize other logic. Figure 2-4 shows the pin connections for the EC Oscillator mode.

For timing insensitive applications, the “RC” and “RCIO” device options offer additional cost savings. The RC oscillator frequency is a function of the supply voltage, the resistor (REXT) and capacitor (CEXT) values and the operating temperature.

In addition to this, the oscillator frequency will vary from unit to unit due to normal manufacturing variation. Furthermore, the difference in lead frame capacitance between package types will also affect the oscillation frequency, especially for low CEXT values.

The user also needs to take into account variation due to tolerance of external R and C components used. Figure 2-6 shows how the R/C combination is connected. In the RC Oscillator mode, the oscillator frequency divided by 4 is available on the OSC2 pin. This signal may be used for test purposes or to synchronize other logic.

We can Copy MCU PIC16C72 Software, please see the MCU PIC16C72 features for your reference:

PIC16C7X Microcontroller Core Features:

· High-performance RISC CPU

· Only 35 single word instructions to learn

· All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle

· Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle

· Up to 8K x 14 words of Program Memory, up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

· Interrupt capability

· Eight level deep hardware stack

· Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes

· Power-on Reset (POR)

· Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

· Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

· Programmable code-protection

· Power saving SLEEP mode

· Selectable oscillator options

· Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM technology

· Fully static design

· Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 6.0V

· High Sink/Source Current 25/25 mA

· Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges

· Low-power consumption:

· < 2 mA @ 5V, 4 MHz

· 15 µA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz

· < 1 µA typical standby current

PIC16C7X Peripheral Features:

· Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

· Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock

· Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

· Capture, Compare, PWM module(s)

· Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns, Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns, PWM max. resolution is 10-bit from Copy MCU PIC16C72 Software

· 8-bit multichannel analog-to-digital converter

· Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ and I2C™

· Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)

· Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls

· Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

We can Copy CPLD XC2C128_VQ100 Content, please view below CPLD XC2C128_VQ100 features for your reference:

Features

· Optimized for 1.8V systems

– Industry’s fastest low power CPLD

– Densities from 32 to 512 macrocells

· Industry’s best 0.18 micron CMOS CPLD

– Optimized architecture for effective logic synthesis by Copy CPLD XC2C128_VQ100 Content

– Multi-voltage I/O operation — 1.5V to 3.3V

· Advanced system features

– Fastest in system programming

·  1.8V ISP using IEEE 1532 (JTAG) interface

– On-The-Fly Reconfiguration (OTF)

– IEEE1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan Test

– Optional Schmitt trigger input (per pin)

– Multiple I/O banks on all devices

– Unsurpassed low power management

– SSTL2_1,SSTL3_1, and HSTL_1 on 128 macrocell and denser devices

– Hot pluggable PLA architecture

– Superior pinout retention

– 100% product term routability across function block Wide package availability including fine pitch:

– Chip Scale Package (CSP) BGA, Fine Line BGA, TQFP, PQFP, VQFP, and QFN packages

– Pb-free available for all packages Design entry/verification using Xilinx and industry standard CAE tools

Free software support for all densities using Xilinx® WebPACK™ tool Industry leading nonvolatile 0.18 micron CMOS

·  DataGATE external signal control

– Flexible clocking modes

·  Optional DualEDGE triggered registers

·  Clock divider (÷ 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16)

·  CoolCLOCK

– Global signal options with macrocell control

·  Multiple global clocks with phase selection per macrocell

·  Multiple global output enables

·  Global set/reset

– Abundant product term clocks, output enables and set/resets

– Efficient control term clocks, output enables and set/resets for each macrocell and shared across function blocks from Copy CPLD XC2C128_VQ100 Content

– Advanced design security

– Open-drain output option for Wired-OR and LED drive

– Optional bus-hold, 3-state or weak pullup on select I/O pins

– Optional configurable grounds on unused I/Os

– Mixed I/O voltages compatible with 1.5V, 1.8V, process

– Guaranteed 1,000 program/erase cycles

– Guaranteed 20 year data retention

Family Overview

Xilinx CoolRunner™-II CPLDs deliver the high speed and ease of use associated with the XC9500/XL/XV CPLD family with the extremely low power versatility of the XPLA3 family in a single MCU Recovery. This means that the exact same parts can be used for high-speed data communications.

computing systems and leading edge portable products, with the added benefit of In System Programming. Low power consumption and high-speed operation are combined into a single family that is easy to use and cost effective. Clocking techniques and other power saving features extend the users’ power budget. The design features are supported starting with Xilinx ISE® 4.1i WebPACK tool.

The high performance of the PIC16CXX family can be attributed to a number of architectural features commonly found in RISC microprocessors. To begin with, the PIC16CXX uses a Harvard architecture, in which, program and data are accessed from separate memories using separate buses to Copy Chip PIC16F74A Binary. This improves bandwidth over traditional von Neumann architecture in which program and data are fetched from the same memory using the same bus.

Separating program and data buses further allows instructions to be sized differently than the 8-bit wide data word. Instruction opcodes are 14-bits wide making it possible to have all single word instructions by Recovery MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA48A Program. A 14-bit wide program memory access bus fetches a 14-bit instruction in a single cycle.

A two-stage pipeline overlaps fetch and execution of instructions. Consequently, all instructions (35) execute in a single cycle (200 ns @ 20 MHz) except for program branches.

The PIC16CXX can directly or indirectly address its register files or data memory. All special function registers, including the program counter, are mapped in the data memory. The PIC16CXX has an orthogonal (symmetrical) instruction set that makes it possible to carry out any operation on any register using any addressing mode.

This symmetrical nature and lack of ‘special optimal situations’ make programming with the PIC16CXX simple yet efficient. In addition, the learning curve is reduced significantly.

PIC16CXX devices contain an 8-bit ALU and working register. The ALU is a general purpose arithmetic unit to Break MCU ATMEGA168A Flash, It performs arithmetic and Boolean functions between the data in the working register and any register file.

The ALU is 8-bits wide and capable of addition, subtraction, shift and logical operations. Unless otherwise mentioned, arithmetic operations are two’s complement in nature. In two-operand instructions, typically one operand is the working register (W register) from Copy Chip PIC16F74A Binary. The other operand is a file register or an immediate constant.

In single operand instructions, the operand is either the W register or a file register. The W register is an 8-bit working register used for ALU operations. It is not an addressable register. Depending on the instruction executed, the ALU may affect the values of the Carry (C), Digit Carry (DC), and Zero (Z) bits in the STATUS register to Recover IC ATMEGA168PA Program. The C and DC bits operate as a borrow bit and a digit borrow out bit, respectively, in subtraction. See theSUBLW and SUBWF instructions for examples after clone IC.

We can Copy Microcontroller PIC16C770 Eeprom, please view the Microcontroller PIC16C770 features for your reference:

This document contains device-specific information. Additional information may be found in the PICmicroTM Mid-Range Reference Manual, (DS33023), which may be obtained from your local Micromicrocontroller Sales Representative or downloaded from the Micromicrocontroller website.

The Reference Manual should be considered a complementary document to this data sheet, and is highly recommended copying for a better understanding of the device architecture and operation of the peripheral modules.

There are two memory blocks in each of these PICmicro ® microcontrollers. Each block (Program Memory and Data Memory) has its own bus, so that concurrent access can occur. Additional information on device memory may be found in the PICmicro™ Mid-Range Reference Manual, (DS33023).

The PIC16C717/770/771 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. The PIC16C717 and the PIC16C770 have 2K x 14 words of program memory. The PIC16C771 has 4K x 14 words of program memory. Accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wraparound which can facilitate the MCU Cracking.

The reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h. Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain special function registers if Copy Microcontroller. Some frequently used special function registers from one bank are mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.

The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and Peripheral Modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are implemented as static RAM.

The special function registers can be classified into two sets; core (CPU) and peripheral. Those registers associated with the core functions are described in detail in this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in detail in that peripheral feature section.

We can Copy AVR ATMEGA161 Firmware, please view below the feature of AVR ATMEGA161 for our reference:

Features

· High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

· Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 8 MIPS Throughput at 8 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

Program and Data Memories

– 16K Bytes of Non-volatile In-System Programmable Flash Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

– Optional Boot Code Memory with Independent Lock bits Self-programming of Program and Data Memories

– 512 Bytes of Non-volatile In-System Programmable EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

– 1K Byte of Internal SRAM

– Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and PWM

– Expanded 16-bit Timer/Counter System with Separate Prescaler, Compare, Capture Modes and Dual 8-, 9-, or 10-bit PWM after Copy AVR

– Dual Programmable Serial UARTs

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Real-time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Three Sleep Modes: Idle, Power-save and Power-down Power Comsumption at 4 MHz, 3.0V, 25°C

– Active 3.0 mA

– Idle Mode 1.2 mA

– Power-down Mode < 1 µA

I/O and Packages

– 35 Programmable I/O Lines

– 40-lead PDIP and 44-lead TQFP Operating Voltages

– 2.7V – 5.5V for the ATmega161L

– 4.0V – 5.5V for the ATmega161 Speed Grades

– 0 – 4 MHz for the ATmega161L

– 0 – 8 MHz for the ATmega161

Commercial and Industrial Temperature Ranges

We can Copy AVR ATmega165A, please view below the feature of AVR ATmega165A for your reference:

Features

High Performance, Low Power Atmel® AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz (ATmega165PA/645P)

– Up to 20MIPS Throughput at 20MHz

(ATmega165A/325A/325PA/645A/3250A/3250PA/6450A/6450P)

– On-Chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– In-System Self-programmable Flash Program Memory

· 16KBytes (ATmega165A/ATmega165PA)

· 32KBytes (ATmega325A/ATmega325PA/ATmega3250A/ATmega3250PA)

· 64KBytes (ATmega645A/ATmega645P/ATmega6450A/ATmega6450P)

– EEPROM

· 512Bytes (ATmega165A/ATmega165PA)

· 1Kbytes (ATmega325A/ATmega325PA/ATmega3250A/ATmega3250PA)

· 2Kbytes (ATmega645A/ATmega645P/ATmega6450A/ATmega6450P)

– Internal SRAM

· 1KBytes (ATmega165A/ATmega165PA)

· 2KBytes (ATmega325A/ATmega325PA/ATmega3250A/ATmega3250PA)

· 4KBytes (ATmega645A/ATmega645P/ATmega6450A/ATmega6450P)

– Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

· In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

· True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

– Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels

– Up to 64 sense channels

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant) Interface

– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

– Extensive On-chip Debug Support

– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Four PWM Channels

– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Universal Serial Interface with Start Condition Detector

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby

I/O and Packages

– 54/69 Programmable I/O Lines

– 64/100-lead TQFP, 64-pad QFN/MLF and 64-pad DRQFN

Speed Grade:

– ATmega 165A/165PA/645A/645P: 0 – 16MHz @ 1.8 – 5.5V

– ATmega325A/325PA/3250A/3250PA/6450A/6450P: 0 – 20MHz @ 1.8 – 5.5V

Temperature range:

– -40°C to 85°C Industrial

Ultra-Low Power Consumption (picoPower devices)

– Active Mode:

· 1MHz, 1.8V: 215µA

· 32kHz, 1.8V: 8µA (including Oscillator)

– Power-down Mode: 0.1µA at 1.8V

– Power-save Mode: 0.6µA at 1.8V (Including 32kHz RTC over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C

We can Copy Chip ATmega64L Eeprom, please view below chip features for your reference:

· High-performance, Low-power Atmel® CHIP® 8-bit Microcontroller

· Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers + Peripheral Control Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

 

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 64 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash program memory

– 2 Kbytes EEPROM

– 4 Kbytes Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

True Read-While-Write Operation

– Up to 64 Kbytes Optional External Memory Space

– Programming Lock for Software Security

– SPI Interface for In-System Programming

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

– Extensive On-chip Debug Support

– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes

– Two Expanded 16-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Two 8-bit PWM Channels

– 6 PWM Channels with Programmable Resolution from 1 to 16 Bits

– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC

8 Single-ended Channels

7 Differential Channels

2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain (1x, 10x, 200x)

– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

– Dual Programmable Serial USARTs

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby

and Extended Standby

– Software Selectable Clock Frequency

– ATmega103 Compatibility Mode Selected by a Fuse

– Global Pull-up Disable

I/O and Packages

– 53 Programmable I/O Lines

– 64-lead TQFP and 64-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages

– 2.7V – 5.5V for ATmega64L

– 4.5V – 5.5V for ATmega64

Speed Grades

– 0 – 8 MHz for ATmega64L

– 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega64

We can Copy Microcontroller PIC16C76 Heximal, please view the Microcontroller PIC16C76 features for your reference:

Any instruction which writes, operates internally as a read followed by a write operation. The BCF and BSF instructions, for example, read the register into the CPU, execute the bit operation and write the result back to the register.

Caution must be used when these instructions are applied to a port with both inputs and outputs defined. For example, a BSF operation on bit5 of PORTB will cause all eight bits of PORTB to be read into the CPU.

Then the BSF operation takes place on bit5 and PORTB is written to the output latches. If another bit of PORTB is used as a bi-directional I/O pin (e.g., bit0) and it is defined as an input at this time, the input signal present on the pin itself would be read into the CPU and rewritten to the data latch of this particular pin, overwriting the previous content.

As long as the pin stays in the input mode, no problem occurs. However, if bit0 is switched to an output, the content of the data latch may now be unknown.

Reading the port register, reads the values of the port pins. Writing to the port register writes the value to the port latch. When using read-modify-write instructions (ex.BCF, BSF, etc.) on a port, the value of the port pins is read, the desired operation is done to this value, and this value is then written to the port latch.

Example 5-4 shows the effect of two sequential read-modify-write instructions on an I/O port. A pin actively outputting a Low or High should not be driven from external devices at the same time in order to change the level on this pin (“wired-or”, “wired-and”). The resulting high output currents may damage the chip.

The actual write to an I/O port happens at the end of an instruction cycle, whereas for reading, the data must be valid at the beginning of the instruction cycle (Figure 5-10). Therefore, care must be exercised if a write followed by a read operation is carried out on the same I/ O port.

The sequence of instructions should be such to allow the pin voltage to stabilize (load dependent) before the next instruction which causes that file to be read into the CPU is executed. Otherwise, the previous state of that pin may be read into the CPU rather than the new state in the process of Copy Microcontroller PIC16C76 Heximal. When in doubt, it is better to separate these instructions with a NOP or another instruction not accessing this I/O port.

It can directly interface to an 8-bit microprocessor data bus. The external microprocessor can read or write the PORTD latch as an 8-bi t latch. Setting bit PSPMODE enables port pin RE0/RD/AN5 to be the RD input, RE1/WR/AN6 to be the WR input and RE2/CS/AN7 to be the CS (chip select) input to Crack MCU. For this functionality, the corresponding data direction bits of the TRISE register (TRISE<2:0>) must be configured as inputs (set) and the A/D port configuration bits PCFG2:PCFG0 (ADCON1<2:0>) must be set, which will configure pins RE2:RE0 as digital I/O.

All PICmicro™ microcontrollers employ an advanced RISC architecture. PIC16F8X devices have enhanced core features, eight-level deep stack, and multiple internal and external interrupt sources. The separate instruction and data buses of the Harvard architecture allow a 14-bit wide instruction word with a separate 8-bit wide data bus which can be used for Copy IC PIC16F84 Code. The two stage instruction pipeline allows all instructions to execute in a single cycle, except for program branches (which require two cycles). A total of 35 instructions (reduced instruction set) are available. Additionally, a large register set is used to achieve a very high performance level.

PIC16F8X microcontrollers typically achieve a 2:1 code compression and up to a 4:1 speed improvement (at 20 MHz) over other 8-bit microcontrollers in their class.

The PIC16F8X has up to 68 bytes of RAM, 64 bytes of Data EEPROM memory, and 13 I/O pins. A timer/counter is also available.

The PIC16CXX family has special features to reduce external components, thus reducing cost, enhancing system reliability and reducing power consumption.

There are four oscillator options, of which the single pin RC oscillator provides a low-cost solution, the LP oscillator minimizes power consumption, XT is a standard crystal, and the HS is for High Speed crystals.

The SLEEP (power-down) mode offers power saving. The user can wake the chip from sleep through several external and internal interrupts and resets. A highly reliable Watchdog Timer with its own on-chip RC oscillator provides protection against software lock-up. The devices with Flash program memory allow the same device package to be used for prototyping and production.

In-circuit reprogrammability allows the code to be updated without the device being removed from the end application. This is useful in the development of many applications where the device may not be easily accessible to Copy IC PIC16F84 Code, but the prototypes may require code updates. This is also useful for remote applications where the code may need to be updated (such as rate information).

The PIC16F8X fits perfectly in applications ranging from high speed automotive and appliance motor control to low-power remote sensors, electronic locks, security devices and smart cards. The Flash/EEPROM technology makes customization of application programs (transmitter codes, motor speeds, receiver frequencies, security codes, etc.) extremely fast and convenient.

The small footprint packages make this microcontroller series perfect for all applications with space  limitations.  Low-cost,  low-power,  high performance, ease-of-use and I/O flexibility make the PIC16F8X very versatile even in areas where no microcontroller use has been considered before when Crack MCU (e.g., timer functions; serial communication; capture, compare and PWM functions; and co-processor applications).

The serial in-system programming feature (via two pins) offers flexibility of customizing the product after complete assembly and testing. This feature can be used to serialize a product, store calibration data, or program the device with the current firmware before shipping.