Break IC, Recover MCU, Microcontroller Reverse Engineering

Archive for the ‘Recover MCU’ Category

We can Break IC MB90F598 Firmware, please view the IC MB90F598 features below for your reference:

The MB90595/595G series with FULL-CAN*1 interface and FLASH ROM is especially designed for automotive and industrial applications. Its main features are two on board CAN Interfaces, which conform to V2.0 Part A and Part B, while supporting a very flexible message buffer scheme and so offering more functions than a normal full CAN approach when Attack IC.

The instruction set of F2MC-16LX CPU core inherits an AT architecture of the F2MC*2 family with additional instruction sets for high-level languages, extended addressing mode, enhanced multiplication/division instructions, and enhanced bit manipulation instructions. The microcontroller has a 32-bit accumulator for processing long word data after Attack IC.

The MB90595/595G series has peripheral resources of 8/10-bit A/D converters, UART (SCI), extended I/O serial interface, 8/16-bit PPG timer, I/O timer (input capture (ICU), output compare (OCU)) and stepping motor controller if Attack IC.

*1: Controller Area Network (CAN) – License of Robert Bosch GmbH

*2: F2MC stands for FUJITSU Flexible Microcontroller.

Clock

Embedded PLL clock multiplication circuit

Operating clock (PLL clock) can be selected from divided-by-2 of oscillation or one to four times the oscillation (at oscillation of 4 MHz, 4 MHz to 16 MHz) before Attack IC.

Minimum instruction execution time: 62.5 ns (operation at oscillation of 4 MHz, four times the oscillation clock, VCC of 5.0 V)

Instruction set to optimize controller applications

Rich data types (bit, byte, word, long word)

Rich addressing mode (23 types)

Enhanced signed multiplication/division instruction and RETI instruction functions after Attack IC

Enhanced precision calculation realized by the 32-bit accumulator

· Instruction set designed for high level language (C language) and multi-task operations

Adoption of system stack pointer

Enhanced pointer indirect instructions

Barrel shift instructions

· Program patch function (for two address pointers)

· Enhanced execution speed: 4-byte instruction queue

· Enhanced interrupt function: 8 levels, 34 factors when Attack IC

· Automatic data transmission function independent of CPU operation

Extended intelligent I/O service function (EI2OS): Up to 10 channels

· Embedded ROM size and types

Mask ROM: 128 Kbytes

Flash ROM: 128 Kbytes

Embedded RAM size: 4 Kbytes (MB90V595/595G : 6 Kbytes)

· Flash ROM

Supports automatic programming, Embedded Algorithm TM*

Write/Erase/Erase-Suspend/Resume commands after Attack IC

A flag indicating completion of the algorithm

Hard-wired reset vector available in order to point to a fixed boot sector

Erase can be performed on each block

Block protection with external programming voltage

· Low-power consumption (stand-by) mode

Sleep mode (mode in which CPU operating clock is stopped)

Stop mode (mode in which oscillation is stopped)

CPU intermittent operation mode

Hardware stand-by mode

· Process: 0.5 µm CMOS technology

· I/O port

General-purpose I/O ports: 78 ports

Push-pull output and Schmitt trigger input.

Programmable on each bit as I/O or signal for peripherals for Attack IC.

· Timer

Watchdog timer: 1 channel

8/16-bit PPG timer: 8/16-bit × 6 channels

16-bit re-load timer: 2 channels

· 16-bit I/O timer

Input capture: 4 channels

Output compare: 4 channels

· Extended I/O serial interface: 1 channel

· UART0

With full-duplex double buffer (8-bit length)

Clock asynchronized or clock synchronized (with start/stop bit) transmission can be selectively used.

UART1 (SCI)

With full-duplex double buffer (8-bit length)

Clock asynchronized or clock synchronized serial transmission (I/O extended transmission) can be selectively used if Attack IC.

· Stepping motor controller (4 channels)

· External interrupt circuit (8 channels)

A module for starting an extended intelligent I/O service (EI2OS) and generating an external interrupt which is triggered by an external input.

· Delayed interrupt generation module: Generates an interrupt request for switching tasks.

· 8/10-bit A/D converter (8 channels)

8/10-bit resolution can be selectively used.

Starting by an external trigger input.

· FULL-CAN interface: 1 channel

Conforming to Version 2.0 Part A and Part B

Flexible message buffering (mailbox and FIFO buffering can be mixed) after Attack IC

· 18-bit Time-base counter

· External bus interface: Maximum address space 16 Mbytes

*: Embedded Algorithm is a trademark of Advanced Micro Devices Inc.

Attack Chip ATmega8A secured system, unlock microcontroller ATmega8A flash and eeprom memory, extract binary from both of the memories in the format of heximal which can be used for microcontroller copying;

Features

· High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

· Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers when Chip PIC16F84A binary copying

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

 

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

 

– 8K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 512 Bytes EEPROM

– 1K Byte Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

· In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

· True Read-While-Write Operation

8-bit with 8K Bytes In-System Programmable

– Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator after IC C8051F530 Firmware attacking

– Three PWM Channels

– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

· Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package

· Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy

– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby

I/O and Packages

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines

– 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages

– 2.7 – 5.5V for ATmega8A

Speed Grades

– 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega8A

Power Consumption at 4 Mhz, 3V, 25°C

 

Flash ATmega8A

– Active: 3.6 mA

– Idle Mode: 1.0 mA

– Power-down Mode: 0.5 µA

Attack Microcontroller PIC16C63A protective memory and readout heximal of MCU PIC16C63A flash memory, microprocessor PIC16C63A unlocking process will normally start from chip surface decapsulation;

Devices included in this data sheet:

PIC16C7X Peripheral Features:

· Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

· Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler can be incremented during SLEEP via external

PIC16CXX Microcontroller Core Features:

· High performance RISC CPU

· Only 35 single word instructions to learn

· All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle

· Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input

DC – 200 ns instruction cycle

· 4 K x 14 words of Program Memory,

192 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

· Interrupt capability

· Eight-level deep hardware stack

· Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes

· Power-on Reset (POR)

· Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

· Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

· Programmable code protection

· Power-saving SLEEP mode crystal/clock

· Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

· Capture, Compare, PWM modules

– Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns

– Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns

– PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

· 8-bit multichannel Analog-to-Digital converter

· Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPITM and I2CTM

· Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)

· Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls when Attack Microcontroller

· Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR) Pin Diagram: PDIP, Windowed CERDIP

· Selectable oscillator options

· Low power, high speed CMOS EPROM technology

· Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V

· High Sink/Source Current 25/25 mA

· Commercial, Industrial and Automotive temperature ranges

· Low power consumption:

– < 5 mA @ 5V, 4 MHz

– 23 mA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz

– < 1.2 mA typical standby current

Attack MCU PIC16CE625 locked memory and extract program from Microcontroller PIC16CE625 flash memory, disable the security fuse bit after crack Microprocessor PIC16CE625 so the microprobes will be able to get access to the internal memory;

Interrupt capability 16 special function hardware registers

8-level deep hardware stack

Direct, Indirect and Relative addressing modes

Peripheral Features:

· 13 I/O pins with individual direction control

· High current sink/source for direct LED drive

· Analog comparator module with:

– Two analog comparators

– Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module

– Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference

– Comparator outputs can be output signals

· Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler

Special Microcontroller Features:

· In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP™) (via two pins)

· Power-on Reset (POR)

· Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

· Brown-out Reset

· Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

 

Special Microcontroller Features (cont’d)

· 1,000,000 erase/write cycle EEPROM data memory

· EEPROM data retention > 40 years

· Programmable code protection

· Power saving SLEEP mode

· Selectable oscillator options

· Four user programmable ID locations

CMOS Technology:

· Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology

· Fully static design

· Wide operating voltage range – 2.5V to 5.5V

· Commercial, industrial and extended temperature range

· Low power consumption

– < 2.0 mA @ 5.0V, 4.0 MHz

– 15 mA typical @ 3.0V, 32 kHz

– < 1.0 mA typical standby current @ 3.0V

Attack Chip dsPIC33FJ256GP506A and compromise Microcontroller dsPIC33FJ256GP506 tamper resistance system, readout MCU software from dsPIC33FJ256 flash and eeprom memory;

Operating Conditions

· 3.0V to 3.6V, -40ºC to +150ºC, DC to 20 MIPS

· 3.0V to 3.6V, -40ºC to +125ºC, DC to 40 MIPS

Core: 16-bit dsPIC33F CPU

Timers/Output Compare/Input Capture

· Up to nine 16-bit timers/counters. Can pair up to make four 32-bit timers;

· Eight Output Compare modules configurable as timers/counters;

 

Code-efficient (C and Assembly) architecture

Two 40-bit wide accumulators

Single-cycle (MAC/MPY) with dual data fetch

Single-cycle mixed-sign MUL plus hardware divide

· Eight Input Capture modules

Communication Interfaces

· Two UART modules (10 Mbps)

– With support for LIN 2.0 protocols and IrDA®

· Two 4-wire SPI modules (15 Mbps)

 

Clock Management

· Up to two I2C™ modules (up to 1 Mbaud) with ±2% internal oscillator

Programmable PLLs and oscillator clock sources

Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM)

Independent Watchdog Timer (WDT)

Fast wake-up and start-up

 

SMBus support

· Up to two Enhanced CAN (ECAN) modules (1 Mbaud) with 2.0B support

· Data Converter Interface (DCI) module with I2S codec support

 

Power Management

· Low-power management modes (Sleep, Idle, Doze)

· Integrated Power-on Reset and Brown-out Reset

· 2.1 mA/MHz dynamic current (typical)

· 50 μA IPD current (typical)

Advanced Analog Features

· Two ADC modules:

– Configurable as 10-bit, 1.1 Msps with four S&H or 12-bit, 500 ksps with one S&H

– 18 analog inputs on 64-pin devices and up to 32 analog inputs on 100-pin devices

· Flexible and independent ADC trigger sources

 

Input/Output

· Sink/Source up to 10 mA (pin specific) for standard VOH/VOL, up to 16 mA (pin specific) for non-standard VOH1

· 5V-tolerant pins

· Selectable open drain, pull-ups, and pull-downs

· Up to 5 mA overvoltage clamp current

· External interrupts on all I/O pins

Qualification and Class B Support

· AEC-Q100 REVG (Grade 1 -40ºC to +125ºC)

· AEC-Q100 REVG (Grade 0 -40ºC to +150ºC)

· Class B Safety Library, IEC 60730

Debugger Development Support

Packages

In-circuit and in-application programming

Two program and two complex data breakpoints

IEEE 1149.2-compatible (JTAG) boundary scan

Trace and run-time watch

Attack Microcontroller ST62T15C6 protective system and extract firmware from MCU ST62T15 memory, the whole tamper resistance system will be disable by Microprocessor unlocking technique;

Memories

– 2K or 4K bytes Program memory (OTP, EPROM, FASTROM or ROM) with read-out protection

– 64 bytes RAM

 

Clock, Reset and Supply Management

– Enhanced reset system

– Low Voltage Detector (LVD) for Safe Reset

– Clock sources: crystal/ceramic resonator or RC network, external clock, backup oscillator (LFAO)

– Oscillator Safeguard (OSG)

– 2 Power Saving Modes: Wait and Stop

Interrupt Management

– 4 interrupt vectors plus NMI and RESET

– 20 external interrupt lines (on 2 vectors)

– 1 external non-interrupt line

– 20 multifunctional bidirectional I/O lines

– 16 alternate function lines

– 4 high sink outputs (20mA)

– Configurable watchdog timer

– 8-bit timer/counter with a 7-bit prescaler

 

Analog Peripheral

– 8-bit ADC with 16 input channels

Instruction Set

– 8-bit data manipulation

– 40 basic instructions

– 9 addressing modes

– Bit manipulation

The ST6215C, 25C devices are low cost members mable option bytes of the OTP/EPROM versions of the ST62xx 8-bit  family of microcontrol-in the ROM option list applications. All ST62xx devices are based on a building block approach: a common core is surrounded by a number of on-chip peripherals for the purpose of IC program hacking.

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Reverse Engineering IC Embedded Memory need to experience a series of complicate process, and there are a lot of methods to reverse engineering IC embedded memory, and faulty injection technology can be used to analyze the IC, because this technology can help to locate the security fuse.

Although through this reverse engineering IC technology can’t locate the exact locations of security fuse, especially when using the flash light to inject the faulty, but it is no necessary to find out its exact locations, because security fuse can be shielded after the vulnerability point being found.

The facility is very similar to the laser scanning, the only different point is the facility is flash lamp instead of laser, de-capsulate the IC and places it on the test socket of electrical automatic platform.

Expose part of IC under the flash lamp, and then test the security fuse status, and then the location of photo-sensitivity can be found, in where the security fuse can be found too. Not only the security fuse, include all of the control circuit can be sensible to the faulty injection when reverse engineering IC embedded memory which could be more difficult to locate the security fuse.

But from the perspective, it has nothing to do about it, the security evaluation can be instructed by using the same procedures from the vulnerable IC point on the channel, if then each point on the surface of IC can be used to locate the security fuse and confirm if it can be shielded under the exposure of flash lamp within a short period of time.

Through the two time scanning on the PIC16F84 microcontroller IC from microchip, the result of comparison when reverse engineering IC can find the transistors embedded in the security fuse. Although the result can be obtained within a short period of time, but there is one point need to illustrate, it has smaller effect on the small features IC and modern microcontroller IC with multilayer top metal layers. One of the optional method is through backside laser scanning which need more precise and more expensive facilities since there are more noises in the Microcontroller reverse engineering.

Decrypt Microchip PIC18F2321 MCU Heximal File

Inter-peripheral communication and signalling with minimum latency CPU and DMA independent operation which can affect the Decrypt Microchip PIC18F2321 MCU Heximal File
8 Event Channels allows for up to 8 signals to be routed at the same time
Events can be generated by
– Timer/Counters (TCxn)
– Real Time Counter (RTC)
– Analog to Digital Converters (ADCx)
– Analog Comparators (ACx)
– Ports (PORTx)
– System Clock (ClkSYS)
– Software (CPU)
Events can be used by secured MCU mcu reading out
– Timer/Counters (TCxn)
– Analog to Digital Converters (ADCx)
– Digital to Analog Converters (DACx)
– Ports (PORTx)
– DMA Controller (DMAC)
– IR Communication Module (IRCOM)

The same event can be used by multiple peripherals for synchronized timing
Advanced Features
– Manual Event Generation from software (CPU)
– Quadrature Decoding
– Digital Filtering

Functions in Active and Idle mode
The Event System is a set of features for inter-peripheral communication. It enables the possibility for a change of state in one peripheral to automatically trigger actions in one or more peripherals. What changes in a peripheral that will trigger actions in other peripherals are configurable by software. It is a simple, but powerful system as it allows for autonomous control of peripherals without any use of interrupts, CPU or DMA resources when MCU CRACK.

The indication of a change in a peripheral is referred to as an event, and is usually the same as the interrupt conditions for that peripheral. Events are passed between peripherals using a dedicated routing network called the Event Routing Network. Figure 9-1 on page 17 shows a basic block diagram of the Event System with the Event Routing Network and the peripherals to which it is connected.

This highly flexible system can be used for simple routing of signals, pin functions or for sequencing of events. The maximum latency is two CPU clock cycles from when an event is generated in one peripheral, until the actions are triggered in one or more other peripherals. The Event System is functional in both Active and Idle modes.

Microchip PIC18F2410 CPU Software Extraction

When using the DAC in S/H mode, ensure that none of the channels is running at maximum conversion rate, or ensure that the conversion rate of both channels is high enough to not require refresh. BOD will be enabled after any reset if the Microchip PIC18F2410 CPU Software Extraction can be completely properly.

If any reset source goes active, the BOD will be enabled and keep the device in reset if the VCC voltage is below the programmed BOD level. During Power-On Reset, reset will not be released until VCC is above the programmed BOD level even if the BOD is disabled.

Problem fix/Workaround
Do not set the BOD level higher than VCC even if the BOD is not used.
Both DFLLs and both oscillators has to be enabled for one to work
In order to use the automatic runtime calibration for the 2 MHz or the 32MHz internal oscillators, the DFLL for both oscillators and both oscillators has to be enabled for one to work.

Problem fix/Workaround
Enabled both the DFLLs and both oscillators when using automtics runtime calibartion for one of the internal oscillators.

Operating Frequancy and Voltage Limitation
To ensure correct operation, there is a limit on operating frequnecy and voltage. Figure 36-2 on page 95 shows the safe operating area on Microchip PIC18F2410 CPU Software Extraction.

Bandgap voltage input for the ACs cannot be changed when used for both ACs simultaneously
ADC gain stage output range is limited to 2.4V

Sampled BOD in Active mode will cause noise when bandgap is used as reference
Bandgap measurement with the ADC is non-functional when VCC is below 2.7V
BOD will be enabled after any reset

Writing EEPROM or Flash while reading any of them will not work after the ADC has increased INL error for some operating conditions DAC has increased INL or noise for some operating conditions VCC voltage scaler for AC is non-linear Maximum operating frequency below 1.76V is 8 MHz.

Decrypt PIC18F2420 MCU Encrypted Program

Sampled BOD in Active mode will cause noise when bandgap is used as reference
Bandgap measurement with the ADC is non-functional when VCC is below 2.7V otherwise the procedures of Decrypt PIC18F2420 MCU encrypted Program will be paused.
BOD will be enabled after any reset
Writing EEPROM or locked while unlocking any of them will not work
ADC has increased INL error for some operating conditions
DAC has increased INL or noise for some operating conditions
VCC voltage scaler for AC is non-linear
Maximum operating frequency below 1.76V is 8 MHz
Bandgap voltage input for the ACs cannot be changed when used for both ACs simultaneously
If the bandgap voltage is selected as input for one Analog Comparator (AC) and then selected/deselected as input for the another AC, the first comparator will be affected for up to 1 us and could potentially give a wrong comparison result after the locked of chip being unlocked.
Problem fix/Workaround
If the Bandgap is required for both ACs simultaneously, configure the input selection for both ACs before enabling any of them.
ADC gain stage output range is limited to 2.4 V
The amplified output of the ADC gain stage will never go above 2.4 V, hence the differential input will only give correct output when below 2.4 V/gain. For the available gain settings, this gives a differential input range of:
Problem fix/Workaround
Keep the amplified voltage output from the ADC gain stage below 2.4 V in order to get a correct result, or keep ADC voltage reference below 2.4 V.
Sampled BOD in Active mode will cause noise when bandgap is used as reference
Using the BOD in sampled mode when the device is running in Active or Idle mode will add noise on the bandgap reference for ADC, DAC and Analog Comparator after the chip’s locked can be unlocked.
Problem fix/Workaround
If the bandgap is used as reference for either the ADC, DAC and Analog Comparator, the BOD must not be set in sampled mode.
Bandgap measurement with the ADC is non-functional when VCC is below 2.7V
The ADC cannot be used to do bandgap measurements when VCC is below 2.7V.
Problem fix/Workaround
If internal voltages must be measured when VCC is below 2.7V, measure the internal 1.00V reference instead of the bandgap.
BOD will be enabled after any reset from Decrypt PIC18F2420 MCU encrypted Program
If any reset source goes active, the BOD will be enabled and keep the device in reset if the VCC voltage is below the programmed BOD level. During Power-On Reset, reset will not be released until VCC is above the programmed BOD level even if the BOD is disabled before unlock chip data.
Problem fix/Workaround
Do not set the BOD level higher than VCC even if the BOD is not used.